Фізіологія рослин і генетика 2026, том 58, № 4, 329-354, doi:

Бібліометричний аналіз досліджень реакцій твер­дої пшениці на посуху: від польових спостережень до системної біології

Голік О.В., Реліна Л.І.

Ключові слова: Triticum durum, abiotic stress, aridity, Biblioshiny, research hotspots, temporal and regional patterns, co-occurrence maps

Фізіологія рослин і генетика
2026, том 58, № 4, 329-354

Повний текст та додаткові матеріали

Цитована література

1.   Sallam, A., Alqudah, A.M., Dawood, M.F.A., Baenziger, P.S. & BШrner, A. (2019). Drought stress tolerance in wheat and barley: advances in physiology, breeding and genetics research. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20(13), 3137. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133137

 2. Yadav, N., Sevanthi, A.M., Pandey, R., Chinnusamy, V., Singh, A. & Singh, N. (2023). Physiological response and agronomic performance of drought tolerance mutants of Aus rice cultivar Nagina 22 (Oryza sativa L). Field Crops Res., 290, 108760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108760

 3. Morgun, V.V., Stasik, O.O., Kiriziy, D.A., Sokolovska-Sergiienko, O.G. & Makharynska, N.M. (2019). Effects of drought at different periods of wheat development on the leaf photosynthetic apparatus and productivity. Regul. Mechan. Biosyst., 10(4), pp. 406-414. https://doi.org/10.15421/021961

 4. Stasik, O.O, Kiriziy, D.A., Sokolovska-Sergiienko, O.G. & Bondarenko, O.Yu. (2020). Influence of drought on the photosynthetic apparatus activity, senescence rate, and productivity in wheat plants. Fiziol. rast. genet., 52(5), pp. 371-387. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2020.05.371

 5. Li, Y., Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Ling, L., Jiang, Y., Duan, H. & Liu, J. (2020). Effects of drought regimes on growth and physiological traits of a typical shrub species in subtropical China. Global Ecol. Conserv., 24, e01269. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.gecco.2020.e01269

 6. Brunet, J., Inouye, D.W., Wilson Rankin, E.E. & Giannini, T.C. (2025). Global change aggravates drought, with consequences for plant reproduction. Ann. Bot., 135(1-2), pp. 89-104. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae186

 7. Qian, D., Wang, M., Niu, Y., Yang, Y. & Xiang, Y. (2025). Sexual reproduction in plants under high temperature and drought stress. Cell Rep., 44(3), 115390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115390

 8. Vesk, P.A. & Westoby, M. (2003). Drought damage and recovery — a conceptual model. New Phytol., 160, pp. 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00887.x

 9. Engelbrecht, B., Tyree, M. & Kursar, T. (2007). Visual assessment of wilting as a measure of leaf water potential and seedling drought survival. J. Trop. Ecol., 23, pp. 497-500. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026646740700421X

10. Eziz, A., Yan, Z., Tian, D., Han, W., Tang, Z. & Fang, J. (2017). Drought effect on plant biomass allocation: A meta-analysis. Ecol. Evol., 7, pp. 11002-11010. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3630

11. Barkaoui, K. & Volaire, F. (2023). Drought survival and recovery in grasses: Stress intensity and plant-plant interactions impact plant dehydration tolerance. Plant Cell  Environ., 46(5), pp. 1489-1503. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.14543

12. Descals, A., Torres, K., Verger, A. & PeФuelas, J. (2025). Evaluating sentinel-2 for monitoring drought-induced crop failure in winter cereals. Remote Sensing, 17(2), 340. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17020340

13. Yasuda, M., Ishikawa, A., Jikumaru, Y., Seki, M., Umezawa, T., Asami, T., Maruyama-Nakashita, A., Kudo, T., Shinozaki, K., Yoshida, S. & Nakashita, H. (2008). Antagonistic interaction between systemic acquired resistance and the abscisic acid-mediated abiotic stress response in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 20(6), pp. 1678-1692. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.107.054296

14. Peters Haugrud, A.R., Achilli, A.L., MartНnez PeФa, R. & Klymiuk, V. (2024). Future of durum wheat research and breeding: Insights from early career researchers. The Plant Genome, 18, e20453. https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20453

15. Pour-Aboughadareh, A., Mohammadi, R., Etminan, A., Shooshtari, L., Maleki-Tabrizi, N. & Poczai, P. (2020). Effects of drought stress on some agronomic and morpho-physiological traits in durum wheat genotypes. Sustainability, 12(14), 5610. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145610

16. De Santis, M.A., Soccio, M., Laus, M.N. & Flagella, Z. (2021). Influence of drought and salt stress on durum wheat grain quality and composition: a review. Plants (Basel), 10(12), 2599. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122599

17. Soorninia, F., Najaphy, A., Kahrizi, D. & Mostafaei, A. (2023). Yield attributes and qualitative characters of durum wheat as affected by terminal drought stress. Int. J. Plant Product., 17, pp. 309-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-023-00240-9

18. Simane, B. (1993). Drought resistance in durum wheat. Thesis Wageningen. Wageningen: Wageningen Agricultural University, pp. 1-197. Available at https://edepot.wur.nl/202322 (accessed May 21, 2026).

19. Kulkarni, M., Soolanayakanahally, R., Ogawa, S., Uga, Y., Selvaraj, M.G. & Kagale, S. (2017). Drought response in wheat: key genes and regulatory mechanisms controlling root system architecture and transpiration efficiency. Front. Chem., 5, 00106. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2017.00106

20. Di Fonzo, N., Campanile, R.G., Stoppelli, M.C., Spano, G., Rascio, A., Russo, M., Trono, D., Padalino, L., Laus, M., De Vita, P., Troccoli, A., Flagella, Z., Shewry, P.R. & Lawlor, D. (2000). Resistance to abiotic stresses in durum wheat: Which ideotype? In: Royo, C., Nachit, M., Di Fonzo, N. & Araus, J.L. (eds.). Durum wheat improvement in the Mediterranean region: New challenges. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, pp. 215-225 (Options Mѕditerranѕennes: Sѕrie A. Sѕminaires Mѕditerranѕens; n. 40). Available at https://om.ciheam.org/ressources/om/pdf/a40/00600033.pdf

21. Boudiar, R., Mekhlouf, A., Bekkar, Y., Yessaadi, M., Bachir, A., Karkour, L., Casas, A.M. & Igartua, E. (2025). Enhancing drought resilience in durum wheat: effect of root architecture and genotypic performance in semi-arid rainfed regions. Peer J., 13, e19096. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19096

22. Singh, C., Yadav, S., Khare, V., Gupta, V., Patial, M., Kumar, S., Mishra, C.N., Tyagi, B.S., Gupta, A., Sharma, A.K., Ahlawat, O.P., Singh, G. & Tiwari, R. (2025). Wheat drought tolerance: unveiling a synergistic future with conventional and molecular breeding strategies. Plants, 14(7), 1053. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071053

23. Wonneberger, R., D’Auria, J.C., Neumann, K., Hansen, P.B., Dieseth, J.A., Nielsen, L.K., NiemelЄ, T., Odilbekov, F., Novakazi, F., Bengtsson, T. & the CResWheat Consortium (2025). Integrating metabolomics and high-throughput phenotyping to elucidate metabolic and phenotypic responses to early-season drought stress in Nordic spring wheat. BMC Plant Biol., 25, 987. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06914-y

24. El Jaafari, S. (2000). Durum wheat breeding for abiotic stresses resistance: Defining physiological traits and criteria. In: C. Royo, M. Nachit, N. Di Fonzo & J.L. Araus (Eds.), Durum wheat improvement in the Mediterranean region: New challenges. (pp. 251-256). Zaragoza: CIHEAM. http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a40/ 00600038.pdf

25. Shchypak, H.V., Tsupko, Yu.V., Shchypak, V.H., Matviiets, V.H. & Vaskivska, S.V. (2014). Breeding durum winter wheat for adaptive properties improvement. Plant Var. Stud. Protect., 3(24), pp. 25-31 [in Ukrainian]. https://doi.org/ 10.21498/2518-1017.3(24).2014.56038

26. Holik, V.S. & Holik, O.V. (2008). Triticum durum Desf breeding. Kharkiv: Mahda LTD, pp. 519.

27. Muzafarov, N.M., Holik, O.V., Muzafarov, I.M. & Tsekhmeistruk, M.G. (2012). Yields of modern spring common and durum wheat cultivars depending on major cultivation technology components. Biul. Inst. Silskoho Hosp. Stepovoi Zony, 3, pp. 87-90 [in Ukrainian]

28. Balla, M.Y., Gorafi, Y.S.A., Kamal, N.M., Abdalla, M.G.A., Tahir, I.S.A. & Tsujimoto, H. (2022). Harnessing the diversity of wild emmer wheat for genetic improvement of durum wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet., 135(5), pp. 1671-1684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-022-04062-7

29. Chaouachi, L., Marнn Sanz, M., Kthiri, Z., Boukef, S., Harbaoui, K., Barro, F. & Karmous, C. (2023). The opportunity of using durum wheat landraces to tolerate drought stress: screening morpho-physiological components. AoB PLANTS, 15, plad022. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plad022

30. Harb, A. & Lahham, J. (2013). Response of Three Accessions of Jordanian Aegilops Crassa Boiss and Durum Wheat to Controlled Drought. Jordan J. Biol. Sci., 6, pp. 151-158. https://doi.org/10.12816/0000273

31. Condorelli, G.E., Newcomb, M., Groli, E.L., Maccaferri, M., Forestan, C., Babaeian, E., Tuller, M., White, J.W., Ward, R., Mockler, T., Shakoor, N. & Tuberosa, R. (2022). Genome wide association study uncovers the QTLome for osmotic adjustment and related drought adaptive traits in durum wheat. Genes, 13, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ genes13020293

32. Chab, L., Biagini, L. & Severini, S. (2024). Towards an Effective Risk Management in Durum Wheat Production: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Factors Influencing Quality and Yield. Agriculture, 14(12), 2266. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122266

33. Un Nisa, W., Ni, V., Nagoo, S. & Dar, Z. (2021). Drought tolerance mechanism in wheat: A Review. The Pharma Innov. J., 8(2), pp. 714-724. Available at https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue2/PartL/8-1-83-416.pdf

34. Grosse-Heilmann, M., Cristiano, E., Deidda, R. & Viola, F. (2024). Durum wheat productivity today and tomorrow: A review of influencing factors and climate change effects. Res. Environ. Sustainab., 17, 100170. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.resenv.2024.100170

35. Negisho, K. & Daksa, J. (2018). Morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of wheat vs drought stresses: a review. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 8(9). Available at https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JNSR/article/ view/42526/43793

36. Priadkina, H.O., Makharynska, N.M. & Sokolovska-Serhiienko, O.H. (2022). Influence of drought on photosynthetic traits of wheat plants. Fiziol. rast. genet., 54(6), pp. 463-483 [in Ukrainian]. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2022.06.463

37. Nyaupane, S., Poudel, M.R., Panthi, B., Dhakal, A., Paudel, H. & Bhandari, R. (2024). Drought stress effect, tolerance, and management in wheat — a review. Cogent Food Agricul., 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2296094

38. Yildirim, G., Rahman, A. & Singh, V.P. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of drought indices, risk, and forecast as components of drought early warning systems. Water, 14(2), 253. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020253

39. Kamouni, F., Namous, M., Krimissa, S., Eloudi, H., Ismaili, M., Elaloui, A., Ouchkir, I., Nait-Taleb, O. & Essbiti, M. (2025). Bibliometric and systematic review of agricultural drought assessment and monitoring: trends and techniques. Mediterranean Geosci. Rev., 7, pp. 1027-1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-025-00194-2

40. Tortorici, N., Iacuzzi, N., Alaimo, F., Schillaci, C. & Tuttolomondo, T. (2024). Durum wheat irrigation research trends on essential scientific indicators: a bibliometric analysis. Ital. J. Agrometeorol., 2, pp. 37-54. https://doi.org/10.36253/ijam-2784

41. Tekin, Y. & Akar, T. (2024). Bibliometric Analysis of Durum Wheat Studies Adressed in Tтrkiye. Bilge Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res., 8, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.30516/bilgesci.1545892

42. Aria, M. & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. J. Informetrics, 11(4), pp. 959-975. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.joi.2017.08.007

43. draw.io. (2005). Free online diagram software draw.io. Available at https://app.diagrams.net/

44. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2008). Middle East & Central Asia: Continued Drought in 2009/10 Threatens Greater Food Grain Shortages. Commodity Intelligence Report. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20190221165701/https://ipad.fas. usda.gov/highlights/2008/09/mideast_cenasia_drought/ (accessed May 21, 2026).

45. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2010). Global Durum Output Falls in 2010/11 Marketing Year. Commodity Intelligence Report. Available at https://web.archive.org/ web/20220223221953/https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2010/11/global%20durum/ (accessed May 21, 2026).

46. Mohammadi, R. & Abdulahi, A. (2017). Evaluation of durum wheat genotypes based on drought tolerance indices under different levels of drought stress. J. Agricult. Sci., Belgrade, 62(1), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2298/JAS1701001M

47. Zhou, Z., Li, J., Gao, Y., Wang, X., Wang, R., Huang, H., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L. & Wang, P. (2024). Research on drought stress in Medicago sativa L. from 1998 to 2023: a bibliometric analysis. Fron. Plant Sci., 15, 1406256. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpls.2024.1406256

48. Aksnes, D.W. & Langfeldt, L. (2025). How Citations Relate to Research Quality. In: G. Sivertsen & L. Langfeldt (Eds.), Challenges in Research Policy (pp. 37-45). Cham: SpringerBriefs in Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69580-3_6

49. Teplitskiy, M., Duede, E., Menietti, M. & Lakhani, K.R. (2022). How status of research papers affects the way they are read and cited. Res. Policy, 51(4), 104484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2022.104484

50. Analytical Development Company Limited. (n.d.). About ADC. Available at https://www.adc.co.uk/about-adc/ (accessed May 19, 2026).

51. Ziegler, H., Osmond, C.B., Stichler, W. & Trimborn, P. (1976). Hydrogen isotope discrimination in higher plants: Correlations with photosynthetic pathway and environment. Planta, 128, pp. 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00397183

52. Farquhar, G.D. & Sharkey, T.D. (1982). Stomatal Conductance and Photosynthesis. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., 33, pp. 317-345. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. pp.33.060182.001533

53. Shahid, S., Zaman, M. & Heng, L. (2018). Soil Salinity: Historical Perspectives and a World Overview of the Problem. In: S. Shahid, M. Zaman & L. Heng (Eds.), Soil Salinity Management in Agriculture (pp. 43-53). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_2

54. Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T. & Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas-exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Sci., 30, pp. 105-111. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x

55. Morgan, J.M. (1984). Osmoregulation and Water Stress in Higher Plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol., 35, pp. 299-319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.001503

56. Levitt, J. (1980). Responses of plants to environmental stresses. Volume II. Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses (2nd ed.). London: Academic Press, 607 p.

57. Bandurska, H. (2022). Drought stress responses: coping strategy and resistance. Plants, 11(7), 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070922

58. Gowda, V.R.P., Henry, A., Yamauchi, A., Shashidhar, H. & Serraj, R. (2011). Root biology and genetic improvement for drought avoidance in rice. Field Crops Res., 122(1), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.03.001

59. Guo, J., Xu, W., Yu, X., Shen, H., Li, H., Cheng, D., Liu, A., Liu, J., Liu, C., Zhao, S. & Song, J. (2016). Cuticular wax accumulation is associated with drought tolerance in wheat near-isogenic lines. Front. Plant Sci., 7, 1809. https://doi.org/ 10.3389/fpls.2016.01809

60. Morais, M., Oliveira, L.A., Andrade, M.T., Collins, G., Suchoff, D., Garcia, K. & Cardoso, A.A. (2026). Preventing canopy mortality during drought is essential for efficient recovery in cotton. Crop Environ., 100142. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.crope.2026.100142

61. Martin-StPaul, N., Delzon, S. & Cochard, H. (2017). Plant resistance to drought relies on early stomatal closure. Ecol Lett, 20, pp 1437-1447. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12851

62. Kosov«, K., VНt«mv«s, P. & Pr«лil, I.T. (2014). Wheat and barley dehydrins under cold, drought, and salinity — what can LEA-II proteins tell us about plant stress response? Front. Plant Sci., 5, 343. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00343

63. Ali, M., Gul, A., Hasan, H., Alipour, H., Abbasi, A., Khan, Z., Abbas, S., Fatima, T. & Taimoor, Z. (2020). LEA proteins and drought stress in wheat. In: A.G. (Ed.), Abiotic Stress in Plants (pp. 193-205). London: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819527-7.00012-1

64. ElBasyoni, I., Saadalla, M., Baenziger, S., Bockelman, H. & Morsy, S. (2017). Cell membrane stability and association mapping for drought and heat tolerance in a worldwide wheat collection. Sustainability, 9(9), 1606. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091606

65. Mahmood, T., Abdullah, M., Ahmar, S., Yasir, M., Iqbal, M.S., Yasir, M., Ur Rehman, S., Ahmed, S., Rana, R.M., Ghafoor, A., Nawaz Shah, M.K., Du, X. & Mora-Poblete, F. (2020). Incredible Role of Osmotic Adjustment in Grain Yield Sustainability under Water Scarcity Conditions in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants, 9(9), 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091208

66. Verma, S. & Mishra, S.N. (2005). Putrescine alleviation of growth in salt stressed Brassica juncea by inducing antioxidative defense system. J. Plant Physiol., 162(6), pp. 669-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2004.08.008

67. Munns, R. (2002). Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant Cell Environ., 25(2), pp. 239-250. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00808.x

68. Shinozaki, K. & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (1997). Gene expression and signal transduction in water-stress response. Plant Physiol., 115(2), pp. 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.115.2.327

69. Sairam, R.K., Rao, K.V. & Srivastava, G. (2002). Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci., 163(5), pp. 1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0168-9452(02)00278-9

70. Ingram, J. & Bartels, D. (1996). The molecular basis of dehydration tolerance in plants. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol., 47, pp. 377-403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.47.1.377

71. Ramanjulu, S. & Bartels, D. (2002). Drought- and desiccation-induced modulation of gene expression in plants. Plant Cell Environ., 25(2), pp. 141-151. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00764.x

72. Peleg, Z., Fahima, T., Abbo, S., Krugman, T., Nevo, E. & Saranga, Y. (2005). Genetic diversity for drought resistance in wild wheat and its ecogeographical association. Plant Cell Environ., 28(2), pp. 176-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01259.x

73. Condon, A.G., Richards, R., Rebetzke, G. & Farquhar, G. (2002). Improving intrinsic water-use efficiency and crop yield. Crop Sci., 42(1), pp. 122-131. Available at https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2135/cropsci2002.1220

74. Shinozaki, K. & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2007). Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance. J. Exp. Bot., 58(2), pp. 221-227. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erl164

75. Mizoi, J., Shinozaki, K. & Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2012). AP2/ERF family transcription factors in plant abiotic stress responses. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) — Gene Regulatory Mechanisms, 1819(2), pp. 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.bbagrm.2011.08.004

76. Okay, S., Derelli, E. & Unver, T. (2014). Transcriptome-wide identification of bread wheat WRKY transcription factors in response to drought stress. Mol. Genet. Genom., 289(5), pp. 765-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-014-0849-x

77. Huseynova, I., Rustamova, S. & Mammadov, A. (2013). Identification of Dreb 1 Genes Involved in Drought Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum L.). In: T. Kuang, G. Lu & L. Zhang (Eds.), Photosynthesis Research for Food, Fuel and the Future (pp. 552-555). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32034-7_117

78. Munnѕ-Bosch, S. & Alegre, L. (2004). Die and let live: leaf senescence contributes to plant survival under drought stress. Funct. Plant Biol., 31(3), pp. 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP03236

79. Jibran, R., Hunter, D.A. & Dijkwel, P. (2013). Hormonal regulation of leaf senescence through integration of developmental and stress signals. Plant M. Biol., 82(6), pp. 547-561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-013-0043-2

80. Szabados, L. & Savourѕ, A. (2010). Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends  Plant Sci., 15(2), pp. 89-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.009

81. Hayat, S., Hayat, Q., Alyemeni, M.N., Wani, A.S., Pichtel, J. & Ahmad, A. (2012). Role of proline under changing environments: a review. Plant Signal. Behav., 7(11), pp. 1456-1466. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.21949

82. Kavi Kishor, P.B., Sangam, S., Amrutha, R.N., Laxmi, P.S., Naidu, K.R., Rao, K.R.S.S., Rao, S., Reddy, K.J., Theriappan, P. & Sreenivasulu, N. (2005). Regulation of Proline Biosynthesis, Degradation, Uptake and Transport. In Higher Plants: Its Implications in Plant Growth and Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Current Science, 88(3), pp. 424-438.

83. Asadullah, Kalhoro, S.A., Wajid, F., Iqbal, A., Sultan, Waheed, A., Rashid, M. & Shah, S.R.U. (2024). Exploring the variability of root system architecture under drought stress in heat-tolerant spring-wheat lines. Plant Soil, 502, pp. 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06795-4

84. Qiao, L., Chang, L., Kai, M., Zhang, X., Kang, T., Wu, L., Zhang, X., Li, X., Zhao, J., Zhao, Z. & Zheng, J. (2024). Exploring Drought Resistance Genes from the Roots of the Wheat Cultivar Yunhan1818. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25(24), pp. 13458. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413458

85. Mehmood, M., Khan, Z.A., Mehmood, A., Zaynab, M., Rahman, M.A.U., Al-Sadoon, M.K., Harshini, M. & Wong, L.S. (2025). Impact of Drought, Salinity, and Waterlogging on Wheat: Physiological, Biochemical Responses, and Yield Implications. Phyton-International J. Exp. Bot., 94(4), pp. 1111-1135. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2025.059812

86. Ehtaiwesh, A., Sunoj, V.S.J., Djanaguiraman, M. & Prasad, P.V.V. (2024). Response of winter wheat genotypes to salinity stress under controlled environments. Front. Plant Sci., 15, 1396498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1396498

87. Zhang, R., Yang, P., Liu, S., Wang, C. & Liu, J. (2022). Evaluation of the methods for estimating leaf chlorophyll content with SPAD chlorophyll meters. Remote Sens., 14(20), 5144. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205144

88. Niпu, A., Florea, C., Ivanovici, M. & Racoviteanu, A. (2025). NDVI and beyond: vegetation indices as features for crop recognition and segmentation in hyperspectral data. Sensors, 25(12), 3817. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123817

89. Lupini, A., Preiti, G., Badagliacca, G., Abenavoli, M.R., Sunseri, F., Monti, M. & Bacchi, M. (2021). Nitrogen use efficiency in durum wheat under different nitrogen and water regimes in the Mediterranean basin. Front. Plant Sci., 11, 607226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.607226

90. Sedri, M.H., Amini, A. & Golchin, A. (2019). Evaluation of nitrogen effects on yield and drought tolerance of rainfed wheat using drought stress indices. J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol., 22, pp. 235-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-018-0037-0

91. Kiriziy, D.A. & Stasik, O. (2022). Effects of drought and high temperature on physiological and biochemical processes, and productivity of plants. Fiziol. rast. genet., 54(2), pp. 95-122. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2022.02.095

92. Yastreb, T., Kokorev, A., Makaova, B., Ryabchun, N., Sakhno, T., Dmitriev, A. & Kolupaev, Y. (2023). Response of the antioxidant system of wheat seedlings with different genotypes to exogenous prooxidants: the relationship with resistance to abiotic stressors. Ukr. Biochem. J., 95(6), pp. 81-96. https://doi.org/10.15407/ ubj95.06.081

93. Huseynova, I.M., Suleymanov, S.Y. & Aliyev, J.A. (2007). Structural-functional state of thylakoid membranes of wheat genotypes under water stress. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) — Bioenergetics, 1767(6), pp. 869-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio. 2007.01.014

94. Fischer, R.A. & Maurer, R. (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. I. Grain yield responses. Austral. J. Agricult. Res., 29(5), pp. 897-912. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9780897

95. Fischer, R.A. & Wood, J.T. (1979). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars. III. Yield associations with morpho-physiological traits. Austral. J. Agricult. Res., 30(6), pp. 1001-1020. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9791001

96. Del Moral, L.F.G., Rharrabti, Y., Villegas, D. & Royo, C. (2003). Evaluation of Grain Yield and Its Components in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions. Agronomy J., 95(2), pp. 266-274. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2003.2660

97. Gavuzzi, P., Rizza, F., Palumbo, M., Campanile, R.G., Ricciardi, G.L. & Borghi, B. (1997). Evaluation of field and laboratory predictors of drought and heat tolerance in winter cereals. Canad. J. Plant Sci., 77(4), pp. 523-531. https://doi.org/ 10.4141/P96-130

98. Almansouri, M., Kinet, J.M. & Lutts, S. (2001). Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). Plant Soil, 231, pp. 243-254. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010378409663

99. Bajji, M., Kinet, J.M. & Lutts, S. (2002). The use of the electrolyte leakage method for assessing cell membrane stability as a water stress tolerance test in durum wheat. Plant Growth Regul., 36, pp. 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014732714549

100.  Loggini, B., Scartazza, A., Brugnoli, E. & Navari-Izzo, F. (1999). Antioxidative defense system, pigment composition, and photosynthetic efficiency in two wheat cultivars subjected to drought. Plant Physiol., 119(3), pp. 1091-1100. https://doi.org/ 10.1104/pp.119.3.1091

101.  Meneguzzo, S., Navari-Izzo, F. & Izzo, R. (1999). Antioxidative responses of shoots and roots of wheat to increasing NaCl concentrations. J. Plant Physiol., 155(2), pp. 274-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(99)80019-4

102.  Bajji, M., Lutts, S. & Kinet, J.M. (2001). Water deficit effects on solute contribution to osmotic adjustment as a function of leaf ageing in three durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars performing differently in arid conditions. Plant Sci., 160(4), pp. 669-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9452(00)00443-x

103.  Ercoli, L., Lulli, L., Mariotti, M., Masoni, A. & Arduini, I. (2008). Post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply and soil water availability. Europ. J. Agronomy, 28(2), pp. 138-147. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.eja.2007.06.002

104.  Araus, J.L., Slafer, G.A., Reynolds, M.P. & Royo, C. (2002). Plant breeding and drought in C3 cereals: what should we breed for? Ann. Bot., 89(7), pp. 925-940. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf049

105.  Araus, J.L., Villegas, D., Aparicio, N., del Moral, L.F.G., El Hani, S., Rharrabti, Y., Ferrio, J.P. & Royo, C. (2003). Environmental Factors Determining Carbon Isotope Discrimination and Yield in Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions. Crop Sci., 43(1), pp. 170-180. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1700

106.  Brini, F., Hanin, M., Lumbreras, V., Amara, I., Khoudi, H., Hassairi, A., Pagиs, M. & Masmoudi, K. (2007). Overexpression of wheat dehydrin DHN-5 enhances tolerance to salt and osmotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep., 26(11), pp. 2017-2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-007-0412-x

107.  Maccaferri, M., Sanguineti, M.C., Corneti, S., Ortega, J.L., Salem, M.B., Bort, J., DeAmbrogio, E., del Moral, L.F., Demontis, A., El-Ahmed, A., Maalouf, F., Machlab, H., Martos, V., Moragues, M., Motawaj, J., Nachit, M., Nserallah, N., Ouabbou, H., Royo, C., Slama, A. & Tuberosa, R. (2008). Quantitative trait loci for grain yield and adaptation of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) across a wide range of water availability. Genetics, 178(1), pp. 489-511. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.077297

108.  Kantar, M., Lucas, S.J. & Budak, H. (2011). miRNA expression patterns of Triticum dicoccoides in response to shock drought stress. Planta, 233, pp. 471-484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-010-1309-4

109.  Lopes, M.S., El-Basyoni, I., Baenziger, P.S., Singh, S., Royo, C., Ozbek, K., Aktas, H., Ozer, E., Ozdemir, F., Manickavelu, A., Ban, T. & Vikram, P. (2015). Exploiting genetic diversity from landraces in wheat breeding for adaptation to climate change. J. Exp. Bot., 66(12), pp. 3477-3486. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ erv122

110.  Ceccarelli, S., Grando, S., Maatougui, M., Michael, M., Slash, M., Haghparast, R., Rahmanian, M., Taheri, A., Al-Yassin, A., Benbelkacem, A., Labdi, M., Mimoun, H. & Nachit, M. (2010). Plant breeding and climate changes. J. Agricult. Sci., 148(6), pp. 627-637. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859610000651