Under field conditions, it was shown that pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds by 1 % solutions of microelements Ag+Cu and Co+Cu+Zn+Fe+Mn+Mo+Mg (avatar-1) obtained using nanotechnology, I+Se composites, and introduction in soil of the consortium of soil-healthy microorganisms (extrakon) induced changes in the ratio of phytohormones IAA/ABA with increasing ABA content in the leaves in variants with inoculation into the soil of BP extrakon at stages BBCH 31 and 47 as well as under pre-sowing treatment with 1 % solutions of Ag+Cu at stages BBCH 31—54 and I+Se at stage BBCH 54. It was found that pre-treatment of wheat seeds with the investigated biologically active substances contributed to the improvement of the quantum efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fp) of intact wheat plants at the onset of heading and to some inhibition of the «fluorescence at decline» — Rfd (reflects the activity of carbon assimilation) in variants of pre-sowing treatment with I+Se, Ag+Cu and avatar-1, which have rather adaptive effect. Significant inhibition of the quantum efficiency of PS II in leaves under artificial contamination of plants by agent of wheat bacteriosis Pseudomonas syringae D13 at onset of heading was shown. According to the parameters of the photochemical activity of the leaves, a greater adaptability to the conditions of infection with the causative agent of basal bacteriosis was typical to photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants under pre-sowing treatment with Ag+Cu and avatar-1. Less effect compared to control (no infection), but better than for infected plants was noted under the treatments: BP extrakon and BP extrakon + I+Se. The change in the ratio of IAA/ABA with increasing ABA content and photochemical activity of wheat leaves under the conditions of artificial infection with phytoplasma and pre-sowing treatment with investigated biologically active substances was shown. Significant maintenance of high functional level of photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants under conditions of artificial infection with phytoplasma and pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biologically active substances, created on the basis of nanotechnologies, and the influence of the consortium of soil-useful microorganisms was revealed.
Under field conditions, it was shown that pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds by 1 % solutions of microelements Ag+Cu and Co+Cu+Zn+Fe+Mn+Mo+Mg (avatar-1) obtained using nanotechnology, I+Se composites, and introduction in soil of the consortium of soil-healthy microorganisms (extrakon) induced changes in the ratio of phytohormones IAA/ABA with increasing ABA content in the leaves in variants with inoculation into the soil of BP extrakon at stages BBCH 31 and 47 as well as under pre-sowing treatment with 1 % solutions of Ag+Cu at stages BBCH 31—54 and I+Se at stage BBCH 54. It was found that pre-treatment of wheat seeds with the investigated biologically active substances contributed to the improvement of the quantum efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fp) of intact wheat plants at the onset of heading and to some inhibition of the «fluorescence at decline» — Rfd (reflects the activity of carbon assimilation) in variants of pre-sowing treatment with I+Se, Ag+Cu and avatar-1, which have rather adaptive effect. Significant inhibition of the quantum efficiency of PS II in leaves under artificial contamination of plants by agent of wheat bacteriosis Pseudomonas syringae D13 at onset of heading was shown. According to the parameters of the photochemical activity of the leaves, a greater adaptability to the conditions of infection with the causative agent of basal bacteriosis was typical to photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants under pre-sowing treatment with Ag+Cu and avatar-1. Less effect compared to control (no infection), but better than for infected plants was noted under the treatments: BP extrakon and BP extrakon + I+Se. The change in the ratio of IAA/ABA with increasing ABA content and photochemical activity of wheat leaves under the conditions of artificial infection with phytoplasma and pre-sowing treatment with investigated biologically active substances was shown. Significant maintenance of high functional level of photosynthetic apparatus of wheat plants under conditions of artificial infection with phytoplasma and pre-sowing treatment of seeds with biologically active substances, created on the basis of nanotechnologies, and the influence of the consortium of soil-useful microorganisms was revealed.
Keywords: Triticum aestivum, consortium of soil-healthy microorganisms, Acholeplasma laidlawii, phytoplasma, Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens, phytohormones, chlorophyll fluorescence induction
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1. Tarariko, Yu.A. (2007). Formation of sustainable agricultural systems. Kyiv: DIA [in Russian].
2. Montanarella, L., Pennock, D. J., McKenzie, N., Badraoui, M., Chude, V., Baptista, I., Mamo, T., Yemefack, M., Singh Aulakh, M., Yagi, K., Young Hong, S., Vijarnsorn, P., Zhang, G.-L., Arrouays, D., Black, H., Krasilnikov, P., Sobocka, J., Alegre, J., Henriquez, C.R., de Lourdes Mendonca-Santos, M., Taboada, M., Espinosa-Victoria, D., AlShankiti, A., AlaviPanah, S.K., Elsheikh, E.A.E.M., Hempel, J., Camps Arbestain, M., Nachtergaele, F. & Vargas, R. (2016). World's soils are under threat. Soil, 2, pp. 79-82. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-79-2016
3. Hadzalo, Ya.M., Patyka, M.V. & Zaryshniak, A.S. (2017). Agro-ecological engineering in biocontrol of rhizosphere of plants and formation of soil health: naukovo-metodychni rekomendatsii. Kyiv: Ahrar. nauka [in Ukrainian].
4. Nihorimbere, V., Ongena, M., Smargiassi, M. & Thonart, Ph. (2011). Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant growth and health. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ, 15, No. 2, pp. 327-337.
5. Pilet-Nayel, M.-L., Moury, B., Caffier, V., Montarry, J., Kerlan, M.-C., Fournet, S., Durel, C.-E. & Delourme, R. (2017). Quantitative Resistance to Plant Pathogens in Pyramiding Strategies for Durable Crop Protection. Front Plant Sci. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01838/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01838
6. Kumar, B.L. & Sai Gopal, D.V.R. (2015). Effective role of indigenous microorganisms for sustainable environment. Biotech., 5, is. 6, pp. 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0293-6
7. Pan, I., Dam, B. & Sen, S.K. (2012). Composting of common organic wastes using microbial inoculants. Biotech., 2, is. 2, pp. 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-011-0033-5
8. Prasad, R., Bhattacharyya, A. & Nguyen, Q.D. (2017). Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives. Front Microbiol. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014
9. Patyka, V.P., Pasichnyk, L.A., Dankevych, L.A., Moroz, S.M., Butsenko, L.M., Zhytkevych, N.V., Hnatiuk, T.T., Zakharova, O.M., Savenko, O.A., Shkatula, Yu.M., Kyrylenko, L.V. & Aleksieiev, O.O. (2014). Diagnostics of phytopathogenic bacteria. Guidelines. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
10 Savinskiy, S.V., Kofman, I.S., Kofanov, V.I. & Stasevskaya, I.L. (1987). Methodological approaches to the determination of phytohormones using spectrodensitometric thin-layer chromatography. Fiziologiya i biohimiya kult. rasteniy, 19, No. 2, pp. 210-215 [in Russian].
11. Korneev, D.Yu. (2002). Informational capabilities of the method of induction of chlorophyll fluorescence. Kyiv: Al'terpres [in Russian].
12. Stirbet, A., Govindjee. (2011). On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and Photosystem II: Basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient. J. Photochem. and Photobiol. In: Biology. 104. iss. 1-2, pp. 236-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010
13. Papageorgiou, G.C., Govindjee. (2004). Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3218-9
14. Portable Fluorometer "Florotest": Operation Manual (2013). In-t kibernetyky im. V.M. Hlushkova NAN Ukrainan [in Ukrainian].
15. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Buschmann, C. & Knapp, M. (2005). How to correctly determine the different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio Rfd of leaves with the PAM fluorometer. Photosynthetica, 43, iss. 3, pp. 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0062-6
16. Golcev, V.N., Kaladzhi, H.M., Paunov, M., Baba, V., Horachek, T., Mojski, Y.A., Kocel, H. & Allahverdiev, S.I. (2016). The use of chlorophyll variable fluorescence to assess the physiological state of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Fiziologiya rastenij, 63, No. 6, pp. 881-907 [in Russian].
17. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Babani, F. & Langsdorf, G. (2007). Chlorophyll fluorescence ima¬ging of photosynthetic activity in sun and shade leaves of trees. Photosynth. Res.,93, pp. 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-007-9174-0
18. Ruth, F. (2013). Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Response. Arabidopsis Book. URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833200/ https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0166
19. Maksimov, I.V., Maksimova, T.I., Veselova, S.V. & Yarullina, L.G. (2016). Phytohormones in the regulation of plant defense system against pathogens. Tezisy Dok. IV Ros. Simp. s Mezhdunarodn. uch. (Kazan 20-23.09.2016), Kazan, pp. 93-94 [in Russian].
20. Davies, J.P. (2004). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Dordrecht Boston London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
21. Davies, J.P. (2010). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2686-7
22. Lam-Son, Tran & Sikander, P. (2014). Phytohormones: A Window to Metabolism, Signaling and Biotechnological Applications. New York; Heidelberg; Dordrecht; London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0491-4
23. Kodru, S., Malavath, T., Devadasu, E., Nellaepalli, S., Stirbet, A. & Govindjee, S.R. (2015). The slow S to M rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence reflects transition from state 2 to state 1 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res., 125, iss. 1-2, pp. 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0084-2
24. Boris Sreznevsky Central Geophysical Observatory (2018). Climatic data on the city of Kiev. Deviation from the average monthly temperature and monthly rainfall in Kyiv. Retrieved from http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kiev.ua/index.php?fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv [in Ukrainian].
25. Stasik, O.O. & Jones, H.G. (2011). The role of photorespiration in response of photosynthesis to temperature increase in wheat leaves. Fiziologiya i biokhimiya kult. rastenij, 43, No. 1, pp. 38-46 [in Ukrainian].
26. Green, B.R. & Parson, W.W. (2003). Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. USA: Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8
27. Aliyev, J.A. (2012). Photosynthesis, photorespiration and productivity of wheat and soybean genotypes. Physiol. Plant., 145, iss. 3, pp. 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01613.x
1. Tarariko, Yu.A. (2007). Formation of sustainable agricultural systems. Kyiv: DIA [in Russian].
2. Montanarella, L., Pennock, D. J., McKenzie, N., Badraoui, M., Chude, V., Baptista, I., Mamo, T., Yemefack, M., Singh Aulakh, M., Yagi, K., Young Hong, S., Vijarnsorn, P., Zhang, G.-L., Arrouays, D., Black, H., Krasilnikov, P., Sobocka, J., Alegre, J., Henriquez, C.R., de Lourdes Mendonca-Santos, M., Taboada, M., Espinosa-Victoria, D., AlShankiti, A., AlaviPanah, S.K., Elsheikh, E.A.E.M., Hempel, J., Camps Arbestain, M., Nachtergaele, F. & Vargas, R. (2016). World's soils are under threat. Soil, 2, pp. 79-82. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-79-2016
3. Hadzalo, Ya.M., Patyka, M.V. & Zaryshniak, A.S. (2017). Agro-ecological engineering in biocontrol of rhizosphere of plants and formation of soil health: naukovo-metodychni rekomendatsii. Kyiv: Ahrar. nauka [in Ukrainian].
4. Nihorimbere, V., Ongena, M., Smargiassi, M. & Thonart, Ph. (2011). Beneficial effect of the rhizosphere microbial community for plant growth and health. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ, 15, No. 2, pp. 327-337.
5. Pilet-Nayel, M.-L., Moury, B., Caffier, V., Montarry, J., Kerlan, M.-C., Fournet, S., Durel, C.-E. & Delourme, R. (2017). Quantitative Resistance to Plant Pathogens in Pyramiding Strategies for Durable Crop Protection. Front Plant Sci. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.01838/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01838
6. Kumar, B.L. & Sai Gopal, D.V.R. (2015). Effective role of indigenous microorganisms for sustainable environment. Biotech., 5, is. 6, pp. 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0293-6
7. Pan, I., Dam, B. & Sen, S.K. (2012). Composting of common organic wastes using microbial inoculants. Biotech., 2, is. 2, pp. 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-011-0033-5
8. Prasad, R., Bhattacharyya, A. & Nguyen, Q.D. (2017). Nanotechnology in Sustainable Agriculture: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Perspectives. Front Microbiol. URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01014
9. Patyka, V.P., Pasichnyk, L.A., Dankevych, L.A., Moroz, S.M., Butsenko, L.M., Zhytkevych, N.V., Hnatiuk, T.T., Zakharova, O.M., Savenko, O.A., Shkatula, Yu.M., Kyrylenko, L.V. & Aleksieiev, O.O. (2014). Diagnostics of phytopathogenic bacteria. Guidelines. Kyiv [in Ukrainian].
10 Savinskiy, S.V., Kofman, I.S., Kofanov, V.I. & Stasevskaya, I.L. (1987). Methodological approaches to the determination of phytohormones using spectrodensitometric thin-layer chromatography. Fiziologiya i biohimiya kult. rasteniy, 19, No. 2, pp. 210-215 [in Russian].
11. Korneev, D.Yu. (2002). Informational capabilities of the method of induction of chlorophyll fluorescence. Kyiv: Al'terpres [in Russian].
12. Stirbet, A., Govindjee. (2011). On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and Photosystem II: Basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient. J. Photochem. and Photobiol. In: Biology. 104. iss. 1-2, pp. 236-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010
13. Papageorgiou, G.C., Govindjee. (2004). Chlorophyll a Fluorescence: A Signature of Photosynthesis. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-3218-9
14. Portable Fluorometer "Florotest": Operation Manual (2013). In-t kibernetyky im. V.M. Hlushkova NAN Ukrainan [in Ukrainian].
15. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Buschmann, C. & Knapp, M. (2005). How to correctly determine the different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and the chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio Rfd of leaves with the PAM fluorometer. Photosynthetica, 43, iss. 3, pp. 379-393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-005-0062-6
16. Golcev, V.N., Kaladzhi, H.M., Paunov, M., Baba, V., Horachek, T., Mojski, Y.A., Kocel, H. & Allahverdiev, S.I. (2016). The use of chlorophyll variable fluorescence to assess the physiological state of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants. Fiziologiya rastenij, 63, No. 6, pp. 881-907 [in Russian].
17. Lichtenthaler, H.K., Babani, F. & Langsdorf, G. (2007). Chlorophyll fluorescence ima¬ging of photosynthetic activity in sun and shade leaves of trees. Photosynth. Res.,93, pp. 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-007-9174-0
18. Ruth, F. (2013). Abscisic Acid Synthesis and Response. Arabidopsis Book. URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833200/ https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0166
19. Maksimov, I.V., Maksimova, T.I., Veselova, S.V. & Yarullina, L.G. (2016). Phytohormones in the regulation of plant defense system against pathogens. Tezisy Dok. IV Ros. Simp. s Mezhdunarodn. uch. (Kazan 20-23.09.2016), Kazan, pp. 93-94 [in Russian].
20. Davies, J.P. (2004). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Dordrecht Boston London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
21. Davies, J.P. (2010). Plant Hormones: Biosynthesis, Signal Transduction, Action! Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2686-7
22. Lam-Son, Tran & Sikander, P. (2014). Phytohormones: A Window to Metabolism, Signaling and Biotechnological Applications. New York; Heidelberg; Dordrecht; London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0491-4
23. Kodru, S., Malavath, T., Devadasu, E., Nellaepalli, S., Stirbet, A. & Govindjee, S.R. (2015). The slow S to M rise of chlorophyll a fluorescence reflects transition from state 2 to state 1 in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Photosynth. Res., 125, iss. 1-2, pp. 219-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-015-0084-2
24. Boris Sreznevsky Central Geophysical Observatory (2018). Climatic data on the city of Kiev. Deviation from the average monthly temperature and monthly rainfall in Kyiv. Retrieved from http://cgo-sreznevskyi.kiev.ua/index.php?fn=k_klimat&f=kyiv [in Ukrainian].
25. Stasik, O.O. & Jones, H.G. (2011). The role of photorespiration in response of photosynthesis to temperature increase in wheat leaves. Fiziologiya i biokhimiya kult. rastenij, 43, No. 1, pp. 38-46 [in Ukrainian].
26. Green, B.R. & Parson, W.W. (2003). Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. USA: Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8
27. Aliyev, J.A. (2012). Photosynthesis, photorespiration and productivity of wheat and soybean genotypes. Physiol. Plant., 145, iss. 3, pp. 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01613.x