Heavy metal contamination of the biosphere is one of the most critical environmental problems in the modern industrial world. In Ukraine, the contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals has become particularly acute as a result of large-scale military operations that began in February 2022. Contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems is driving the search for and development of new environmentally safe technologies aimed at mitigating negative environmental impacts, while research in this field substantially deepens our understanding of the mechanisms of heavy metal uptake, transport, and detoxification. Cereal crops, which provide more than half of the world’s caloric needs, are particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of heavy metals, leading to reduced yields, deterioration of grain quality, and accumulation of toxicants in the food chain. Phytohormones serve as an integrating link in the signaling systems that regulate plant responses to stressors. Salicylic acid is one of the most widespread natural plant defense compounds, and is considered among the most effective in reducing damage caused by abiotic and biotic stress factors. Its protective action is mediated through the activation of antioxidant enzymes, maintenance of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, stimulation of phytochelatin biosynthesis, modulation of photosynthetic activity, and a complex multilevel signaling system involving NPR family proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases. This review summarizes and analyzes current knowledge on the effects of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Ni) on cultivated cereals, characterizes the role of salicylic acid in shaping the defensive responses of cereals to heavy metal toxicity, and systematizes existing methods for the determination of salicylic acid in plant tissues with emphasis on chromatographic approaches, in particular (U)HPLC-MS/MS. New trends regarding the combined effects of salicylic acid and nanoparticles of various nature as a promising tool for targeted delivery and enhanced bioavailability are also discussed, along with the potential application of salicylic acid as a seed priming compound.
Keywords: cereals, heavy metals, nanoparticles, priming, salicylic acid, stress tolerance
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