An important mission of modern plant physiology is the development of approaches and technologies that enhance the efficiency of plant light energy utilization to intensify assimilate synthesis and promote their distribution to economically valuable tissues and organs, which constitutes the basis for crop yield formation. This review presents literature data and the results of our own studies on the effects of gibberellin inhibitors with different mechanisms of action on a wide range of vital processes in plants, including photosynthesis, respiration, hormonal status, the production process, and the productivity of cultivated plants. It is noted that the action of antigibberellins is associated with the inhibition of the activity of apical and intercalary meristems due to the suppression of gibberellin synthesis and activity. This leads to a reduction in the linear dimensions of plants and, consequently, to a decrease in plastic and energetic costs for the growth of one of the largest plant sinks — the stem. At the same time, compensatory enhancement of the activity of lateral and often marginal meristems intensifies the branching of the shortened stem and promotes the redistribution of assimilates toward the growth and formation of lateral plant organs, leaves, and the main economically important sink — fruits. It has been shown that exogenous regulation of growth processes through the use of gibberellin inhibitors (retardants) is one of the effective means of optimizing the production process of agricultural crops through changes in the source-sink system of plants, improving the quality of agricultural products, and enhancing the resistance of cultivated plants to unfavorable environmental conditions due to the mobilization of the adaptive potential of the plant organism.
Keywords: gibberellin inhibitors (retardants), crop plants, leaf apparatus, leaf mesostructure, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, trophic supply, hormonal status, yield
Full text and supplemented materials
References
1. Kuriata, V.H. (2009). Retardants as modifiers of plant hormonal status. In Plant Physiology: Problems and Prospects of Development. Vol. 1, pp. 565—587. Lohos [in Ukrainian].
2. Kuryata, V.G., Shatalyuk, G.S., Kushnir, O.V., Khodanitska, O.O. & Kuts, B.O. (2021). Regulation of Morphogenesis and Crop Production Process Using Phytohormone Analogues and Modifiers of Their Action. ScientificWorld-NetAkhatAV. https://doi.org/ 10.30890/978-3-949059-23-0.2021
3. Desta, B. & Amare, G. (2021). Paclobutrazol as a plant growth regulator. Chem. Biol. Technol. Agricult., 8(1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-020-00199-z
4. Alexopoulos, A.A., Karapanos, I.C., Akoumianakis, K.A. & Passam, H.C. (2017). Effect of Gibberellic Acid on the Growth Rate and Physiological Age of Tubers Cultivated from True Potato Seed. J. Plant Growth Reg., 36(1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00344-016-9616-z
5. Zhao, H., Cao, H., Ming-Zhen, P., Sun, Y. & Liu, T. (2017). The Role of Plant Growth Regulators in a Plant Aphid Parasitoid Tritrophic System. J. Plant Growth Reg., 36(4), pp. 868-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-017-9689-3
6. Rai, R.K., Tripathi, N., Gautam, D. & Singh, P. (2017). Exogenous application of ethrel and gibberellic acid stimulates physiological growth of late planted Sugarcane with short growth period in sub-tropical India. J. Plant Growth Reg., 36(2), pp. 472-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-016-9655-5
7. Qiu, L.H., Chen, R.F., Luo, H.M., Fan, Y.G., Huang, X., Liu, J.X., Xiong, F.Q., Zhou, H.W., Gan, С.К., Wu, J.M. & Li, Y.R. (2019). Effects of Exogenous GA3 and DPC Treatments on Levels of Endogenous Hormone and Expression of Key Gibberellin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes During Stem Elongation in Sugarcane. Sugar Tech, 21, pp. 936-948.
8. Wen, Y., Su, S.C., Ma, L.Y. & Wang, X.N. (2018). Effects of gibberellic acid on photosynthesis and endogenous hormones of Camellia oleifera Abel. in 1st and 6th leaves. J. Forest Research, 23(5), pp. 309-317. https://doi.org /10.1080/13416979.2018.1512394
9. Fang, S., Gao, K., Hu, W., Wang, S., Chen, B. & Zhou, Z. (2018). Foliar and seed application of plant growth regulators affects cotton yield by altering leaf physiology and floral bud carbohydrate accumulation. Field Crops Res., 231, pp. 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.11.012
10. Vera-Sirera, F., Gomez, M.D. & Perez-Amador, M.A. (2016). DELLA proteins, a group of GRAS transcription regulators that mediate gibberellin signaling. In Plant Transcriptions Factors. Evolutionalry, Structural and Functional Aspects. D.H Gonzalez (Ed.), Elsevier, pp. 313-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800854-6.00020-8.
11. Colebrook, E.H., Thomas, S.G., Phillips, A.L. & Hedden, P. (2014). The role of gibberellin signalling in plant responses to abiotic stress. J. Exp. Biol., 217(1), pp. 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.089938).
12. Kosakivska, I.V. & Vasyuk, V.A. (2021). Gibberelins in regulation of plant growth and development under abiotic stresses. Biotechnol. Acta, 14(2), pp. 5-18. https://doi.org/10.15407/biotech14.02.005
13. Neware, M.R. (2019). Flurprimidol: A growth retardant. J. Pharmac. Phytochem., 8(6), pp. 141-143.
14. Maheshwari, C., Garg, N.K., Hasan, M.V.P., Meena, N.L., Singh, A. & Tyagi, A. (2022). Insight of PBZ mediated drought amelioration in crop plants. Front. Plant Sci., 13, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1008993
15. Kuryata, V.G. & Poprotska, I.V. (2022). Physiological and biochemical basics of application of retardants in plant growing: Monograph. Karlsruhe. https://doi.org/10.30890/978-3-949059-42-1.2022
16. Pierik, R., Tholen, D., Poorter, H., Visser, E.J.W. & Voesenek, L.A.C.J. (2005). Interactions between ethylene and gibberellins in phytochrome-mediated shade avoidance responses in tobacco. Plant Physiol., 138(4), pp. 2343-2350. https://doi.org/ 10.1104/pp.105.061812
17. Rademacher, W. (2016). Chemical regulators of gibberellin status and their application in plant production. In J.C. Preston (Ed.)., Ann. Plant Rev., J.C. Preston (Ed.), 49, pp. 359-404. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119210436.ch12
18. Soeno, K., Goda, H., Ishii, T., Ogura, T., Tachikawa, T., Sasaki, E., Yoshida, S., Fujioka, S., Asami, T. & Shimada, Y. (2010). Auxin biosynthesis inhibitors, identified by a genomics-based approach, provide insights into auxin biosynthesis. Plant Cell Physiol., 51(4), pp. 524-536. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq032
19. Kapchina-Toteva, V., Somleva, M. & Van Telgen, H.J. (2002). Anticytokinin effect on apical dominance release in in vitro cultured Rosa hybrida L. Biol. Plant., 45(2), pp. 183-188.
20. Leнniowska-Nowak, J., Nowak, M., Zapalska, M., Dudziak, K. & Kowalczyk, K. (2017). Influence of ccc and trinexapac-ethyl on the expression of genes involved in gibberellic biosynthesis and metabolism pathway in isogenic line with Rht12 dwarfing gene. Acta Sci. Polon. Hort. Cult., 16(4), pp. 141-151. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc. 2017.4.14
21. Spitzer, T., MНлa, P., BНlovskъ, J. & Kazda, J. (2016). Management of maize stand height using growth regulators. Plant Protect. Sci., 51(4), pp. 223-230. https://doi.org/ 10.17221/105/2014-pps
22. Kamran, M., Ahmad, I., Wang, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., Liu, T., Ding, R. & Han, Q. (2018). Mepiquat chloride application increases lodging resistance of maize by enhancing stem physical strength and lignin biosynthesis. Field Crops Res., 224, pp. 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.05.011
23. Miroshnichenko, I.M., Makoveychuk, T.I., Mykhalska, L.М. & Sсhwartau, V.V. (2017). Changes in the elemental composition of winter wheat plants caused by the action of Megafol and retardants. Reg. Mech. Bio., 8(3), pp. 403-409. https://doi.org/ 10.15421/021763
24. Sadeghi, S.M. & Danaee, E. (2023). The effect of paclobutrazol and cycocel on growth and flowering characteristics of geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Mixsed). Flower Ornam. Plants, 8(2), pp. 241-254. https://doi.org/10.61186/flowerjournal.8.2.241
25. Anikina, I., Bekseitov, T. & Djaksybaeva, G. (2015). Use of the preparation chlormequat chloride to increase resistance of regenerated potato. Int. J. Pharm. Bio Sci., 6(2), pp. 417-422.
26. Melnyk, A.V., Kutsehub, H.O., Zherdetska, S.V., Shahid, A., Kutsehub, H.A., Zherdetskaia, S.V. & Ali, Sh. (2015). Influence of growth regulators on the productivity of mustard under the conditions of the north-eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Visnyk of Sumy Nat. Agr. Un-ty. Ser. Agronomy and Biology, 9(30), pp. 173-175 [in Ukrainian].
27. Qiu, L.-H., Chen, R.-F., Luo, H.-M., Fan, Y.-G., Huang, X., Liu, J.-X., Xiong, F.-Q., Zhou, H.-W., Gan, C.-K., Wu, J.-M. & Li, Y.-R. (2019). Effects of exogenous GA3 and DPC treatments on levels of endogenous hormone and expression of key gibberellin biosynthesis pathway genes during stem elongation in sugarcane. Sugar Tech., 21(6), pp. 936-948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-019-00728-7
28. Zhao, W., Yan, Q., Yang, H., Yang, X., Wang, L., Chen, B., Meng, Y. & Zhou, Z. (2019). Effects of mepiquat chloride on yield and main properties of cottonseed under different plant densities. J. Cotton Res., 2(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42397-019-0026-1
29. Kim, S.K., Han, C.M., Shin, J.H. & Kwon, T.Y. (2018). Effects of paclobutrazol and prohexadione-Сa on seed yield, and content of oils and gibberellin in flax grown in a greenhouse. Korean J. Crop Sci., 63(3), pp. 265-271. https://doi.org/10.7740/kjcs. 2018.63.3.265
30. Tom«л, S., Jan, B. & Jan, K. (2018). Effect of using selected growth regulators to reduce sunflower stand height. Plant, Soil and Env., 64(7), pp. 324-329. https://doi.org/ 10.17221/213/2018-pse
31. Gao, H., Ma, H., Khan, A., Xia, J., Hao, X., Wang, F. & Luo, H. (2019). Moderate drip irrigation level with low mepiquat chloride application increases cotton lint yield by improving leaf photosynthetic rate and reproductive organ biomass accumulation in arid region. Agronomy, 9(12), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120834
32. Fang, S., Gao, K., Hu, W., Wang, S., Chen, B. & Zhou, Z. (2019). Foliar and seed application of plant growth regulators affects cotton yield by altering leaf physiology and floral bud carbohydrate accumulation. Field Crops Res., 231, pp. 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.11.012
33. Taherpazir, S. & Hashemabadi, D. (2016). The effect of cycocel and pot size on vegetative growth and flowering of Zinnia (Zinnia elegans Jacq). J. Ornam. Plants, 6(2), pp. 107-114.
34. Wise, K., Singh, S. & Selby-Pham, J. (2024). Fertiliser supplementation with a PGR complex of chlormequat chloride (CCC) and paclobutrazol (PBZ) alters Cannabis sativa growth. New Zealand J. Crop Horticult. Sci., 53(5), pp. 3113-3123. https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2024.2346580
35. Duman, ђ. & Nas, Y. (2024). Biber (Capsicum annuum L.), domates (Solanum lycopersicum L.) ve patlПcan (Solanum melongena L.) fide kalitesi тzerine paclobutrazol, prohexadione calcium ve chlormequat chloride uygulamalarПnПn etkileri. ISPEC J. Agricult. Sci., 8(3), pp. 621-637. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12605456
36. Nolasco Chumpitaz, J. & Casas DНaz, A. (2022). Dosis y momento de aplicaciЩn de cloruro de mepiquat en ajН escabeche (Capsicum baccatum var. Pendulum). Anal. Cient., 83(1), pp. 47-56. https://doi.org/10.21704/ac.v83i1.1883
37. Rohach, V.V., Kirizii, D.A., Stasik, O.O. & Rohach, T.I. (2020). Morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and productivity of eggplants under the influence of growth regulators with different mechanisms of action. Plant Physiol. Gen., 52(2), pp. 152-168. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2020.02.152 [in Ukrainian].
38. Rogach, V., Reshetnyk, К., Kuryata, V. & Rogach, Т. (2020). Influence of gibberellin inhibitors on the accumulation and redistribution of various forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing compounds in plants of Solanum melongena L. Biologija, 66(1), pp. 35-46. doi.org/10.6001/biologija.v66i1.4189
39. Rohach, V.V., Kuriata, V.H., Rohach, T.I., Stasik, O.O., Kirizii, D.A. & Sytnyk, S.K. (2024). Dynamics of carbohydrate and mineral nutrient content in eggplant plant organs under the influence of retardants. Plant Physiol. Gen., 56(4), pp. 311-332. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2024.04.311 [in Ukrainian].
40. Rohach, V.V., Kiriziy, D.A., Stasik, O.O., Mickevicius, S. & Rohach, T.I. (2020). The effect of growth promotors and retardants on the morphogenesis, photosynthesis and productivity of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Plant Physiol. Gen., 52(4), pp. 279-294. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2020.04.279
41. Rohach, V.V., Kravets, O.O., Buina, O.I. & Kuriata, V.H. (2018). Dynamics of accumulation and redistribution of different forms of carbohydrates and nitrogen in tomato plant organs under the action of retardants. Reg. Mech. Bio., 9(2), pp. 293-299. https://doi.org/10.15421/021843 [in Ukrainian].
42. Rohach, V.V., Kuryata, V.G., Kiriziy, D.A., Sytnyk, S.K., Grabyk, I.H., Kaitanyuk, O.V., Tarasyuk, M.V. & Rohach, T.I. (2023). Effect of antigibberellins on morphogenesis, photosynthetic apparatus, productivity and their residual content in tomato fruits. Bio. Diver., 31(2), pp. 191-201. https://doi.org/10.15421/012320
43. Rohach, V.V., Voitenko, L.V., Shcherbatiuk, M.M., Kuriata, V.H., Kosakivska, I.V. & Rohach, T.I. (2021). Influence of exogenous plant growth regulators on morphogenesis, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and productivity of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plant Physiol. Gen., 53(4), pp. 320-335. https://doi.org/ 10.15407/frg2021.04.320 [in Ukrainian].
44. Rohach, V.V., Kirizii, D.A., Kuriata, V.H. & Rohach, T.I. (2022). Morphogenesis, photosynthesis, and productivity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under the influence of growth regulators with different directions and mechanisms of action. Plant Physiol. Genet., 54(3), pp. 214-232. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2022.03.214 [in Ukrainian].
45. Rohach, V.V., Stasik, O.O., Kirizii, D.A., Sytnyk, S.K., Kuriata, V.H. & Rohach, T.I. (2023). Influence of growth regulators on the photosynthetic apparatus of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in relation to productivity. Plant Physiol. Genet., 55(1), pp. 25-45. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2023.01.025 [in Ukrainian].
46. Rohach, V.V., Kuriata, V.H., Kirizii, D.A., Stasik, O.O. & Rohach, T.I. (2025). Regulation of growth, development, and productivity of pepper under treatment with antigibberellin preparations differing in their mechanisms of action. Plant Physiol. Genet., 57(6), pp. 510-520. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2025.06.510 [in Ukrainian].
47. Rohach, V.V., Riabokon, O.V. & Rohach, T.I. (2019). Influence of antigibberellin preparations on the accumulation and redistribution of different forms of carbohydrates in potato plants of the Sante variety. Sci. Rise: Bio. Sci., 4(20), pp. 41-47 [in Ukrainian].
48. Hua, S., Zhang, Y., Yu, H., Lin, B., Ding, H., Zhang, D., Ren, Y. & Fang, Z. (2014). Paclobutrazol application effects on plant height seed yield and carbohydrate metabolism in canola. Int. J. Agricult. Biol., 16(3), pp. 471-479.
49. Ma, D., Wu, R., Du, L., Sun, Y., Mo, Y., Zhang, J., Duan, L., Li, Z. & Tan, W. (2024). Dihydrogibberellin improves grain yield and lodging resistance of direct-seeded rice. Agr. J., 116, pp. 2060-2080. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.21619
50. Sharma, M., Gupta, I., Tisarum, R., Batish, D.R., Chaum, S. & Singh, H.P. (2023). Paclobutrazol improves the chlorophyll content and antioxidant activities of red rice in response to alkaline stress. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 23(4), pp. 6429-6444. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s42729-023-01497-9
51. Dewi, K. & Darussalam. (2018). Effect of paclobutrazol and cytokinin on growth and source—sink relationship during grain filling of black rice (Oryza sativa L. «Cempo Ireng»). Indian J. Plant Physiol., 23(3), pp. 507-515. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s4050201803971
52. Hussain, W.F.A. & Qadir, L.H.A. (2024). Role of paclobutrazol on root, stem, and leaf inner structure of Arabidopsis thaliana L.0 grown under different light intensities. Indian J. Adv. Bot., 4(1), pp. 4-11. https://doi.org/10.54105/ijab.b1031.04010424
53. Mehmood, M.Z., Qadir, G., Afzal, O., Din, A.M.U., Raza, M.A., Khan, I., Hassan, M.J., Awan, S.A., Ahmad, S., Ansar, M., Aslam, M.A. & Ahmed, M. (2021). Paclobutrazol improves sesame yield by increasing dry matter accumulation and reducing seed shattering under rainfed conditions. Int. J. Plant Prod., 15(3), pp. 337-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42106-021-00132-w
54. Kamran, M., Wennan, S., Ahmad, I., Xiangping, M., Wenwen, C., Xudong, Z., Mou Siwei, A. Khan, Qingfang, H. & Liu, T. (2018). Application of paclobutrazol affects maize grain yield by regulating root morphological and physiological characteristics under a semiarid region. Sci. Rep., 8, 4818. https://doi.org/10.1038/s4159801823166z
55. Zhang, W., Yuan, S., Liu, N., Zhang, H. & Zhang, Y. (2025). Exogenous application of paclobutrazol and TIS108 effectively increases shoot branching and mineralelement utilization efficiency of ‘Duli’ (Pyrus betulifolia Bunge). Sci. Horticult., 341, 114010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114010
56. Chai, S.-K., Ooi, S.-E., Ho, C.-L., OngAbdullah, M., Chan, K.-L., Fitrianto, A. & Namasivayam, P. (2023). Transcriptomic analysis reveals suppression of photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis following gibberellic acid treatment on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). J. Plant Growth Reg., 42(9), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s0034402310950z
57. Lenka, S., Swain, S.K., Pradhan, K.C. & Dhal, A. (2023). Effect of different levels and time of application of paclobutrazol on morphology, yield and yieldattributing characters and economics of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Legume Res., 46(4), pp. 428-431. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR4391
58. El-Sayed, S.M., Hassan, K.M., Abdelhamid, A.N., Yousef, E.E., Abdellatif, Y.M.R., AbuHussien, S.H., Nasser, M.A., Elshalakany, W.A., Darwish, D.B.E., Abdulmajeed, A.M., Alabdallah, N.M., AlQahtani, S.M., AlHarbi, N.A., Dessoky, E.S., Ashour, H. & Ibrahim, M.F.M. (2022). Exogenous paclobutrazol reinforces the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.) oil through modulating its composition of oxygenated terpenes. Plants, 11(12), 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants11121607
59. Biswas, A., Mandal, T., Das, S. & Thakur, B. (2018). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and flowering of pansy (Viola x Wittrockiana Gams.) under West Bengal condition. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Applied Sci., 7(1), 2125-2130. https://doi.org/10.20546/ ijcmas.2018.701.256
60. Xiang, J., Wu, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, Z., Lin, H., Chen, H., Zhang, J. & Zhu, D. (2017). Transcriptomic analysis of gibberellin- and paclobutrazol-treated rice seedlings under submergence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18(10), 2225. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijms18102225
61. Korsukova, A.V., Lyubushkina, I.V., Zabanova, N.S., Berezhnaya, E.V., Polyakova, E.A., Pobezhimova, T.P., Kirichenko, K.A., Dorofeev, N.V., Dudareva, L.V. & Grabelnych, O.I. (2025). Mechanisms of increase of winter wheat frost resistance under tebuconazole treatment at early stage of growth: Role of hormone- and reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling pathways. Plants, 14(3), 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ plants14030314
62. Kour, R., Singh, A., Singh, P., Fayaz, S. & Shah, R.A. (2024). Effect of foliar spraying with the growth inhibitor paclobutrazol on the quality of Chandler strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duchesne ex Weston) under Punjab subtropics. J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol., 27(2), pp. 179-185. https://doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2024/v27i2709
63. Gulzar, U., Jamwal, M., Sharma, N., Nazir, N. & Singh, P. (2025). Studies on the effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of strawberry cv. ‘Chandler’ under sub-tropical conditions. Appl. Fruit Sci., 67, 303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-025-01496-3
64. Sheetal, J. & Chawla, S.L. (2015). Effect of growth retardants on pigment content of heliconia (Heliconia psittacorum L.f.) var Red Torch under 50 per cent shade net condition. Env. Ecol., 33(1A), 390-391.
65. Rezazadeh, A., Harkess, R.L. & Bi, G. (2016). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and flowering of potted red firespike. Hort Technol., 26(1), pp. 6-11. https://doi.org/10.21273/horttech.26.1.6
66. Pandey, A.K., Singh, P. & Singh, S.K. (2017). Application methods and doses of paclobutrazol affect growth, yield and fruit quality of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) cultivars. Int. J. Current Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 6(8), 3280-3288. https://doi.org/10.20546/ ijcmas.2017.608.391
67. Teixeira, E.C., Matsumoto, S.N., Silva, D.d.C., Pereira, L.F., Viana, A.E.S. & Arantes, A.d.M. (2019). Morphology of yellow passion fruit seedlings submitted to triazole induced growth inhibition. CiГncia e Agrotecnologia, 43, e020319. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054201943020319
68. Sarker, B., Rahim, M. & Archbold, D. (2016). Combined effects of fertilizer, irrigation, and paclobutrazol on yield and fruit quality of mango. Horticult., 2(4), 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae2040014
69. Cregg, B. & Ellison-Smith, D. (2020). Application of paclobutrazol to mitigate environmental stress of urban street trees. Forests, 11(3), 355. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11030355
70. Boontiang, K., Chutichudet, B. & Chutichudet, P. (2019). Effect of paclobutrazol on growth and development of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. grown off-season. Naresuan Un-ty J.: Sci. Technol., 27(1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.14456/nujst.2019.1
71. Panyapruek, S.-N., Sinsiri, W., Sinsiri, N., Arimatsu, P. & Polthanee, A. (2015). Effect of paclobutrazol growth regulator on tuber production and starch quality of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Asian J. Plant Sci., 15(1-2), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/ 10.3923/ajps.2016.1.7
72. Zhou, J., Cheng, K., Huang, G., Chen, G., Zhou, S., Huang, Y., Zhang, J., Duan, H. & Fan, H. (2020). Effects of exogenous 3-indoleacetic acid and cadmium stress on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Cinnamomum camphora. Ecotoxicol. Env. Safety, 191, 109998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109998
73. Ahmad, I., Kamran, M., Ali, S., Bilegjargal, B., Cai, T., Ahmad, S., Meng, X., Su, W., Liu, T. & Han, Q. (2018). Uniconazole application strategies to improve lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance and production of maize in semiarid regions. Field Crops Res., 222, pp. 66-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.03.015
74. Song, S.-W., Lei, Y.-L., Huang, X.-M., Su, W., Chen, R.-Y. & Hao, Y.-W. (2019). Crosstalk of cold and gibberellin effects on bolting and flowering in flowering Chinese cabbage. J. Integrat. Agricult., 18(5), pp. 992-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(18)62063-5
75. Wang, C., Hu, D., Liu, X., She, H., Ruan, R., Yang, H., Yi, Z. & Wu, D. (2015). Effects of uniconazole on the lignin metabolism and lodging resistance of culm in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.). Field Crops Res., 180, pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.009
76. Du, X., Du, Y., Feng, N., Zheng, D., Zhou, H. & Huo, J. (2024). Exogenous uniconazole promotes physiological metabolism and grain yield of rice under salt stress. Front. Plant Sci., 15, 1459121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1459121
77. Best, N.B., Hartwig, T., Budka, J.S., Bishop, B.J., Brown, E., Potluri, D.P.V., Cooper, B.R., Premachandra, G.S., Johnston, C.T. & Schulz, B. (2014). Soilless plant growth media influence the efficacy of phytohormones and phytohormone inhibitors. PLoS ONE, 9(12), e107689. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107689
78. Hussein, M.M., Bakheta, M.A. & Zaki, S.N.S. (2014). Influence of uniconazole on growth characters, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates and total soluble sugars of Hordium vulgare L. plants grown under salinity stress. Int. J. Sci. Res., 3(12), pp. 2208-2213.
79. Gopu, B., Balamohan, T.N., Swaminathan, V., Jeyakumar, P. & Soman, P. (2017). Effect of growth retardants on yield and yield contributing characters in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso under ultra high density plantation. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 6(11), pp. 3865-3873. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas. 2017.611.453
80. Yang, L., Yang, D., Yan, X., Cui, L., Wang, Z. & Yuan, H. (2016). The role of gibberellins in improving the resistance of tebuconazole-coated maize seeds to chilling stress by microencapsulation. Sci. Rep., 6(1), 35447. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35447
81. љztтrk, H.ђ., Bulut, H. & Dursun, A. (2022). Examination of morphological and molecular changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings with the application of tebuconazole. Acta Sci. Polonorum: Hortorum Cultus, 21(1), pp. 67-78. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.1.6
82. Bulut, H., љztтrk, H.ђ. & Dursun, A. (2021). Determination of the effect of tebuconazole applications on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seedling via morphological and molecular methods. Kahramanmaraк Sтtcт ђmam Ґniversitesi TarПm ve DoИa Dergisi, 24(5), pp. 969-977. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.754689
83. љztтrk, H.ђ. & Bulut, H. (2020). The effect of tebuconazole applications on melon (Cucumis melo L.) seedling quality and development. Erzincan Ґniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitтsт Dergisi, 13(3), pp. 1177-1186. https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.757542
84. Lam, V.P., Anh, V.K., Loi, D.N. & Park, J.S. (2024). Minimizing plant height and optimizing bioactive compound accumulation of Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Kuntze by spraying or soaking with diniconazole in a plant factory. Plant Growth Reg., 102, pp. 77-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-023-00974-6
85. Jang, D.C., Xu, C., Kim, S.H., Kim, D.H., Kim, J.K., Heo, J.Y., Ngoc, T.V., Choi, K.Y. & Kim, I.S. (2020). Effects of different application approaches with diniconazole on the inhibition of stem elongation and the stimulation of root development of cylindrical paper pot seedling. Prot. Horticult. Plant Factory, 29(4), pp. 365-372. https://doi.org/10.12791/ksbec.2020.29.4.365
86. Jung, M.J., Kim, H.Y. & Lim, K.B. (2020). Effect of diniconazole on the growth and taking roots after transplanting of Sesamum indicum ‘Baekseol’ plug seedlings. J. Crop Sci. Biotechnol., 23(3), pp. 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-020-00029-6
87. Pobudkiewicz, A. (2014). Influence of growth retardant on growth and development of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch. Acta Agrobot., 67(3), pp. 65-74. https://doi.org/10.5586/aa.2014.030
88. Tidemann, B.D., O’Donovan, J.T., Izydorczyk, M., Turkington, T.K., Oatway, L., Beres, B., Mohr, R., May, W.E., Harker, K.N., Johnson, E.N. & de Gooijer, H. (2020). Effects of plant growth regulator applications on malting barley in western Canada. Canadian J. Plant Sci., 100(6), pp. 653-665. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0200
89. Mir, A.A., Sadat, M.A., Amin, M.R. & Islam, M.N. (2019). Plant growth regulators: One of the techniques of enhancing growth and yield of Bangladeshi local cucumber variety (Cucumis sativus L.). Plant Sci. Today, 6(2), pp. 252-258. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.534
90. Al-Ajlouni, M.G., Othman, Y.A., A’saf, T.S. & Ayad, J.Y. (2023). Lilium morphology, physiology, anatomy and postharvest flower quality in response to plant growth regulators. South African J. Bot., 156, pp. 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2023.03.004
91. Kumari, K., Kant, K., Kumar, R. & Singh, V.K. (2019). Effect of plant growth regulators on growth and yield of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 8(7), pp. 1881-1885. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.807.223
92. Kobets, O.V. (2016). Influence of growth regulator application on mother gooseberry plants on the regenerative capacity of their vegetative offspring depending on rooting status. Sci. Bull. Nat. Un-ty of Life Env. Sci. Ukraine. Ser.: Agronomy, 235, pp. 226-232 [in Ukrainian].
93. Mohanta, H.C., Hossain, M.M., Islam, M.S., Salam, M.A. & Saha, S.R. (2015). Effect of plant growth regulators on seed yield of carrot. Ann. Bangladesh, 19, pp. 23-31.
94. Saptari, R.T., Esyanti, R.R. & Putranto, R.A. (2019). Growth and steviol glycoside content of stevia rebaudiana bertoni in the thin-layer liquid culture treated with late-stage gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. Sugar Tech., 22(1), pp. 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-019-00745-6
95. Mykhalska, L.M., Makoveychuk, T.I., Tretiakov, V.O. & Schwartau, V.V. (2023). The influence of sulfate ammonium on the retardant activity of trinexapacethyl on wheat. Fiziol. rast. genet., 55(4), pp. 355-367. https://doi.org/10.15407/ frg2023.04.355
96. Ramrez, H., Mendoza-Castellanos, J., Ramrez-Prez, L.J., Rancano-Arrioja, J.H., Robledo-Torres, V. & Mendoza-Villarreal, R. (2016). Prohexadione-Ca provokes positive changes in the growth and development of habanero pepper. J. Appl. Horticult., 18(1), pp. 7-11. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2016.v18i01.02
97. Stasik, O.O., Kirizii, D.A. & Priadkina, H.O. (2021). Photosynthesis and productivity: problems, achievements, and research prospects. Plant Physiol. Genet., 53(2), pp. 160-184. https://doi.org/10.15407/frg2021.02.160 [in Ukrainian].
98. El-Sayed, M. (2014). Effect of gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol on growth and chemical composition of Schefflera arboricola plants. Middle East J., 3(4), pp. 782-792.
99. Zhang, Q., Gai, D., Liu, Y., Liu, W., Fu, P., Shao, X., Liang, X., Geng, Y. & Guo, L. (2025). Effects of paclobutrazol seed soaking on non-structural carbohydrate and grain enrichment in direct-seeded rice. Phyton: Int. J. Exp. Bot., 94(1), pp. 269-279. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2025.060551
100. Wu, H., Xiang, J., Chen, H.Z., Zhang, Y.P., Zhang, Y.K. & Zhu, F. (2018). Effects of exogenous growth regulators on plant elongation and carbohydrate consumption of rice seedlings under submergence. Chinese J. Appl. Ecol., 29(1), pp. 149-157. https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201801.021
101. Yooyongwech, S., Samphumphuang, T., Tisarum, R., Theerawitaya, C. & Cha-um, S. (2017). Water-Deficit tolerance in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) by foliar application of paclobutrazol: Role of soluble sugar and free proline. Front. Plant Sci., 8, 1400. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01400
102. Shalaby, T.A., Taha, N.A., Taher, D.I., Metwaly, M.M., El-Beltagi, H.S., Rezk, A.A., El-Ganainy, S.M., Shehata, W.F., El-Ramady, H.R. & Bayoumi, Y.A. (2022). Paclobutrazol improves the quality of tomato seedlings to be resistant to Alternaria solani blight disease: Biochemical and histological perspectives. Plants, 11(3), 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030425
103. Liu, B., Long, S., Liu, K., Zhu, T., Gong, J., Gao, S., Wang, R., Zhang, L., Liu, T. & Xu, Y. (2022). Paclobutrazol ameliorates lowlightinduced damage by improving photosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, and regulating hormone levels in tall fescue. Int. J. Molecul. Sci., 23(17), 9966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179966
104. Kamran, M., Ahmad, S., Ahmad, I., Hussain, I., Meng, X., Zhang, X., Javed, T., Ullah, M., Ding, R., Xu, P., Gu, W. & Han, Q. (2020). Paclobutrazol application favors yield improvement of maize under semiarid regions by delaying leaf senescence and regulating photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant system during grainfilling stage. Agronomy, 10(2), 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10020187
105. Imran, M., Kang, S.-M., Khan, M.A. & Lee, I.-J. (2022). Paclobutrazoldependent salt tolerance is related to CLC1 and NHX1 gene expression in soybean plants. Acta Sci. Polonorum: Hortor. Cultus, 21(3), pp. 25-36. https://doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.3.3
106. Babarashi, E., Rokhzadi, A., Pasari, B. & Mohammadi, K. (2021). Ameliorating effects of exogenous paclobutrazol and putrescine on mung bean (Vignaradiata L.) Wilczek) under water deficit stress. Plant, Soil Env., 67(1), pp. 40-45. https://doi.org/10.17221/ 437/2020
107. Davari, K., Rokhzadi, A., Mohammadi, K. & Pasari, B. (2021). Paclobutrazol and amino acidbased biostimulant as beneficial compounds in alleviating the drought stress effects on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 22, 674690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729021006779
108. Xia, X., Tang, Y., Wei, M. & Zhao, D. (2018). Effect of Paclobutrazol Application on plant photosynthetic performance and leaf greenness of herbaceous peony. Horticulturae, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae4010005
109. Kumara, K.T.N., Singh, H., Kaur, N., Kang, B.K. & Devi, I. (2023). Uniconazole improves mango flowering and fruit yield by regulating gibberellins and carbon—nitrogen nutrition. Horticult., Env., Biotechnol., 64(5), pp. 735-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13580-023-00541-y
110. Suzuki, A.B.P., Alves, G.A.C., Junior, D.B., Stulzer, G.C.G., Osawa, M.S. & Faria, R.T.d. (2018). Growth regulators for reduction of height in potted red-yellow sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. ‘Florenza’). Australian J. Crop Sci., 12(3), pp. 393-399. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.18.12.03.pne777
111. Tung, S.A., Huang, Y., Ali, S., Hafeez, A., Shah, A.N., Song, X., Ma, X., Luo, D. & Yang, G. (2018). Mepiquat chloride application does not favor leaf photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism as well as lint yield in late-planted cotton at high plant density. Field Crops Res., 221, pp. 108-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.02.027
112. Wang, Y., Gu, W., Xie, T., Li, L., Sun, Y., Zhang, H., Li, J. & Wei, S. (2016). Mixed compound of DCPTA and CCC increases maize yield by improving plant morphology and up-regulating photosynthetic capacity and antioxidants. Plos One, 11(2), e0149404. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149404
113. Sha, J., Ge, S., Zhu, Z., Du, X., Zhang, X., Xu, X., Wang, F., Chen, Q., Tian, G. & Jiang, Y. (2021). Paclobutrazol regulates hormone and carbon—nitrogen nutrition of autumn branches, improves fruit quality and enhances storage nutrition in ‘Fuji’ apple. Sci. Horticult., 282, 110022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110022
114. Li, L.L., Gu, W.R., Li, C.F., Li, W.H., Chen, X.C., Zhang, L.G. & Wei, S. (2019). Dual application of ethephon and DCPTA increases maize yield and stalk strength. Agronomy J., 111(2), pp. 612-627. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2018.06.0363
115. Jiang, X., Wang, Y., Xie, H., Li, R., Wei, J. & Liu, Y. (2019). Environmental behavior of paclobutrazol in soil and its toxicity on potato and taro plants. Env. Sci. Pollution Res., 26(26), pp. 27385-27395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356019059479
116. Kumari, S. (2017). Effect of kinetin (6-FAP) and cycocel (CCC) on growth, metabolism and cellular organelles in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum R.Br) under water stress. Int. J. Current Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 6(8), pp. 2711-2719. https://doi.org/ 10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.325
117. Xu, L.J., Liu, H.X., Wu, J. & Xu, C.Y. (2020). Paclobutrazol improves leaf carbon-use efficiency by increasing mesophyll conductance rate, while abscisic acid antagonizes this increased rate. Photosynthetica, 58(3), pp. 762-768. https://doi.org/10.32615/ ps.2020.026
118. Mohan, R., Kaur, T., Bhat, H.A., Khajuria, M., Pal, S. & Vyas, D. (2019). Paclobutrazol induces photochemical efficiency in mulberry (Morus alba L.) under water stress and affects leaf yield without influencing biotic interactions. J. Plant Growth Reg., 39(1), pp. 205-215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-019-09975-0
119. Rai, R.K., Tripathi, N., Gautam, D. & Singh, P. (2017). Exogenous application of ethrel and gibberellic acid stimulates physiological growth of late planted sugarcane with short growth period in sub-tropical india. J. Plant Growth Reg., 36(2), pp. 472-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-016-9655-5
120. Omer Jabir, B.M. (2017). Effects of gibberellin and gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor (paclobutrazol) applications on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) taproot expansion and the presence of authentic hormones. Int. J. Agricult. Biol., 19(4), pp. 779-786. https://doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.0359
121. Namjoyan, S., Rajabi, A., Sorooshzadeh, A. & Agha Alikhani, M. (2021). The potential of tebuconazole for mitigating oxidative stress caused by limited irrigation and improving sugar yield and root quality traits in sugar beet. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 162, pp. 547-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.027
122. Kumbar, S., Patil, D.R., Das, K.K., Swamy, G.S.K., Thammaiah, N., Jayappa, J. & Gandolkar, K. (2017). Studies on the Influence of Growth Regulators and Chemicals on the Quality Parameters of Grape cv. 2A Clone. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 6(5), pp. 2585-2592. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.291
123. Upreti, K.K., Shivu Prasad, S.R., Reddy, Y.T.N. & Rajeshwara, A.N. (2014). Paclobutrazol induced changes in carbohydrates and some associated enzymes during floral initiation in mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Totapuri. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 19(4), pp. 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-014-0113-8
124. Bhutia, S.O., Choudhury, A.G. & Hasan, M.A. (2017). Paclobutrazol in improving productivity and quality of litchi. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 6(8), pp. 1622-1629. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.608.195
125. Shi, X., Chen, S. & Jia, Z. (2020). The dwarfing effects of different plant growth retardants on Magnolia wufengensis L.Y. Ma et L.R. Wang. Forests, 12(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12010019
126. Sardoei, A.S., Yazdi, M.R. & Shshdadneghad, M. (2014). Effect of cycocel on growth retardant cycocel on reducing sugar, malondialdehyde and other aldehydes of Cannabis sativa L. Int. J. Bio., 4(6), pp. 127-133. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/4.6.127-133
127. Singh Narvariya, S. & Singh, C.P. (2018). Cultar (P333) a boon for mango production — a review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(2), pp. 1552-1562. https://doi.org/ 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.702.187
128. Macedo, W.R., Araуjo, D.K., Santos, V.M., Castro, P.R.d.C.e. & Fernandes, G.M. (2017). Plant growth regulators on sweet sorghum: physiological and nutritional value analysis. Comun. Sci., 8(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i1.1315
129. Soumya, P.R., Kumar, P. & Pal, M. (2017). Paclobutrazol: a novel plant growth regulator and multi-stress ameliorant. Indian J. Plant Physiol., 22(3), pp. 267-278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40502-017-0316-x
130. Opio, P., Tomiyama, H., Saito, T., Ohkawa, K., Ohara, H. & Kondo, S. (2020). Paclobutrazol elevates auxin and abscisic acid, reduces gibberellins and zeatin and modulates their transporter genes in Marubakaido apple (Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami) rootstocks. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 155, pp. 502-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.003
131. Cavalcante, I.H.L., Nogueira e Silva, G.J., Cavacini, J.A., Araуjo e Amariz, R., Tonetto de Freitas, S., Oliveira de Sousa, K.„., Almeida da Silva, M. & Gomes da Cunha, J. (2020). Metconazole on inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis and flowering management in mango. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62(1), pp. 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10341-019-00466-w
132. Zuo, Q., Wang, L., Zheng, J., You, J., Yang, G., Leng, S. & Liu, J. (2020). Effects of uniconazole rate on agronomic traits and physiological indexes of rapeseed blanket seedling. Oil Crop Sci., 5(4), pp. 198-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocsci.2020.12.003
133. Ahmad, I., Kamran, M., Ali, S., Cai, T., Bilegjargal, B., Liu, T. & Han, Q. (2018б). Seed filling in maize and hormones crosstalk regulated by exogenous application of uniconazole in semiarid regions. Env. Sci. Pollution Res., 25(33), pp. 33225-33239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3235-0
134. Rogach, V.V., Kuryata, V.G., Kosakivska, I.V., Voitenko, L.V., Shcherbatyu, M.M. & Rogach, T.I. (2022). Morphogenesis, pigment content, phytohormones and yield of tomatoes under the action of gibberellin and tebuconazole. Biosys. Diversity, 30(2), pp. 150-156. https://doi.org/10.15421/012215
135. Rogach, V.V., Voytenko, L.V., Shcherbatiuk, M.M., Kosakivska, I.V. & Rogach, T.I. (2020). Morphogenesis, pigment content, phytohormones and productivity of eggplants under the action of gibberellin and tebuconazole. Reg. Mechan. Bio., 11(1), pp. 116-122. https://doi.org/10.15421/022017
136. Rogach, V.V., Kuryata, V.G., Kosakivska, I.V., Voitenko, L.V., Shcherbatiuk, M.M. & Rogach, T.I. (2021). Morphogenesis, pigment content, phytohormones and productivity of sweet pepper under the action of gibberellin and tebuconazole. Reg. Mechan. Bio., 12(2), pp. 294-300. https://doi.org/10.15421/022139
137. Petrychenko, V.F. & Chorna, V.M. (2016). Features of soybean plant growth depending on inoculation and morphoregulator under the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe. Agricult. Forestry, (4), pp. 42-54 [in Ukrainian].
138. Pozniak, V.V. (2018). Effectiveness of the growth regulator «Chlormequat chloride» in winter wheat crops depending on fertilization level. Bull. Poltava State Agrar. Acad., (2), pp. 177-182. https://doi.org/10.31210/visnyk2018.02.30 [in Ukrainian].
139. Polat, T., љzer, H., љztтrk, E. & SefaoИlu, F. (2017). Effects of mepiquat chloride applications on non-oilseed sunflower. Turkish J. Agricult. Forest., 41(6), pp. 472-479. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1705-77
140. Secondo, A.S.P. & Reddy, Y.A.N. (2018). Plant growth retardants improve sink strength and yield of sunflower. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(10), pp. 111-119. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.710.013
141. Sawan, Z.M. & Llorens, E. (2018). Mineral fertilizers and plant growth retardants: Its effects on cottonseed yield; its quality and contents. Cogent Biol., 4(1), 1459010. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2018.1459010
142. Sable, S.S., Lahane, G.R. & Dhakulkar, S.J. (2017). Effect of various plant growth regulators on growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 6(11), pp. 978-989. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.115
143. Kumar, P., Haldankar, P. & Haldavanekar, P. (2018). Study on effect of plant growth regulators on flowering, yield and quality aspects of summer okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) var. Varsha Uphar. Pharma Innovat. J., 7(6), pp. 180-184.
144. Pujari, R., Patil, S., Anda, S., Babaleshwar, B., Dhar, S., Dodamani, M. & Shivanand, M.R. (2018). Effect of growth regulators on growth and yield of Turmeric var. Suroma. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(1), pp. 3156-3158. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.374
145. Sindhuja, M. & Prasad, V.M. (2018). Effect of different plant growth regulators and their levels on floral yield and economics of china aster (Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees) cv. Shashank. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(12), pp. 1208-1212. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.150
146. Anwar, S., Kuai, J., Khan, S., Kausar, A., Fahad, S. & Zhou, G. (2017). Soaking seeds with paclobutrazol enhances winter survival and yield of rapeseed in a rice-rapeseed relay cropping system. Int. J. Plant Prod., 11(4), pp. 491-504.
147. Kuai, J., Li, X.-Y., Yang, Y. & Zhou, G.-S. (2017). Effects of paclobutrazol on biomass production in relation to resistance to lodging and pod shattering in Brassica napus L. J. Int. Agricult., 16(11), pp. 2470-2481. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(17) 61674-5
148. Kuai, J., Yang, Y., Sun, Y., Zhou, G., Zuo, Q., Wu, J. & Ling, X. (2015). Paclobutrazol increases canola seed yield by enhancing lodging and pod shatter resistance in Brassica napus L. Field Crops Res., 180, pp. 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.fcr.2015.05.004
149. Oliveira, G.P., Siqueira, D.L.d., Salom±o, L.C.C., Cecon, P.R. & Machado, D.L.M. (2017). Paclobutrazol and branch tip pruning on the flowering induction and quality of mango tree fruits. Pesquisa Agropecu«ria Tropical, 47(1), pp. 7-14. https://doi.org/ 10.1590/1983-40632016v4743861
150. Hegde, S., Adiga, J.D., Honnabyraiah, M.K., Guruprasad, T.R., Shivanna, M. & Halesh, G.K. (2018). Influence of paclobutrazol on growth and yield of jamun cv. Chintamani. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 7(1), pp. 1590-1599. https://doi.org/ 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.193
151. Acharya, S.K., Thakar, C., Brahmbhatt, J.H. & Joshi, N. (2020). Effect of plant growth regulators on cucurbits: a review. J. Pharm. Phytochem., 9(4), pp. 540-544.
152. Jamil, M., Rahman, M.M., Hossain, M.M., Hossain, M.T. & Karim, A.S. (2016). Effect of plant growth regulators on flower and bulb production of hippeastrum (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.). Bangladesh J. Agricult. Res., 40(4), pp. 591-600. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i4.26934
153. Carvalho, M.E.A., e Castro, P.R.D.C., Junior, M.V.D.C.F. & Mendes, A.C.C.M. (2016). Are plant growth retardants a strategy to decrease lodging and increase yield of sunflower. Comun. Sci., 7(1), pp. 154-159. https://doi.org/10.14295/cs.v7i1.1286
154. Tantasawat, P.A., Sorntip, A. & Pornbungkerd, P. (2015). Effects of exogenous application of plant growth regulators on growth, yield, and in vitro gynogenesis in cucumber. Hort Sci., 50(3), pp. 374-382. https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.3.374
155. Suradinata, Y.R. & Hamdani, J.S. (2015). Effect of paclobutrazol and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application on rose (Rosa hybrida L.). Asian J. Agricult. Res., 9(2), pp. 69-76.
156. Gonzatto, M.P., BШettcher, G.N., Schneider, L.A., Lopes, „.A., Silveira Jуnior, J.C., Petry, H.B., Oliveira, R.P.d. & Schwarz, S.F. (2016). 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyloxyacetic acid as effective thinning agent for fruit of ‘Montenegrina’ mandarin. CiГncia Rural, 46(12), pp. 2078-2083. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140057
157. Koutroubas, S.D. & Damalas, C.A. (2016). Morpho-physiological responses of sunflower to foliar applications of chlormequat chloride (CCC). Bio. J., 32(6), pp. 1493-1501. https://doi.org/10.14393/bj-v32n6a2016-33007