An important factor of the crop productivity improvement is the enhancement of the realization of their genetic potential through the use of natural and synthetic growth stimulators. This review examines literature data and the authors’ own research results regarding the effects of exogenous native phytohormones and their synthetic analogs on a wide range of physiological processes in plants, the production process, and crop formation in cultivated plants. It is noted that the action of growth-stimulating preparations is associated with accelerated growth, increased plant size, expanded assimilating surface area, higher chlorophyll concentration, activation of photosynthetic processes, and optimized accumulation and distribution of assimilates within the plant’s source-sink system, and, as a result, increased productivity. Growth stimulators enhance the growth of axial vegetative organs and intensify their branching, increase the mass and area of leaves, and raise the leaf area index of crops. It is shown that growth stimulators thicken leaf blades by expanding chlorenchyma, increase the volume of palisade parenchyma cells, and enlarge spongy mesophyll cells. The review highlights the specific effects of natural and synthetic growth stimulators on the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly on the quantum efficiency of photochemical processes in Photosystem II, optimization of light energy use, and the rate of electron transport in chloroplasts. It is demonstrated that the general stimulatory effect of growth regulators is linked to the development of more powerful source and more potent sink organs in plants, thereby improving the realization of their potential for assimilate synthesis and accumulation, as well as the formation and growth of economically valuable organs.
Keywords: growth activators, cultivated plants, morphometry, mesostructure, leaf apparatus, chlorophyll, photosynthesis, trophic supply, hormonal status, yield
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