Plastid terminal oxidase is one of the iron-containing enzymes, electron carriers in the electron transport chain of chloroplasts, the functions of which remain not fully understood even to this day. The presented review examines the structure and specific details of the functioning of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) under normal physiological conditions and under the influence of various abiotic stresses. One of the known functions of PTOX is participation in the synthesis of carotenoids. In non-photosynthetic tissues or at early stages of plant development, when photosynthetic electron transport is not fully active, PTOX is the main cofactor for phytoene desaturase and z-carotene desaturase, which participate in the carotenoid desaturation reaction. PTOX also participates in the chlororespiratory mechanism in green plant tissues under stress. In wild-type plants and various mutant forms, the participation of PTOX in counteracting light, temperature, salt stress and their combinations is considered. It is shown that very high expression of the PTOX gene in mutant plants does not always lead to the expected increase in resistance. In contrast to this, a number of data from other authors are given, which showed an increase in resistance in various plants species due to an increase in electron transport through PTOX under the stress impact. This contributed to the reduction of the reactive oxygen species production, the destruction of the D1 protein, and, accordingly, to the preservation of the activity of photosystem II (PS II). The data obtained by the authors on the increased content of PTOX in control plants of high resistance winter wheat varieties are also given. Under the influence of drought, the content of PTOX in these varieties increased even more, and the quantum yield of PS II remained at a higher level. PTOX is thought to function as a stress-triggered safety valve that maintains the oxidation of the PS II acceptor side, thereby helping to protect PS II from photodamage. Thus, PTOX can be used as one of the potential candidates for genetic engineering to increase the stress resistance of agricultural plants.
Keywords: photosynthesis, photorespiration, plastid terminal oxidase, abiotic stress
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