В обзоре приведены литературные данные и результаты, полученные автором, касающиеся эффективности использования азота в процессах фотосинтетической ассимиляции СО2 и реутилизации этого элемента из вегетативных органов в семена в ходе их созревания. Указанные показатели обсуждены с привлечением данных как для модельных растений, так и широкого спектра сельскохозяйственных культур, в том числе пшеницы, и их диких предшественников. Показано, что культурные растения не превысили биологических пределов эффективности использования азота, наблюдаемых у диких видов. Вместе с тем, по данным автора, эффективность использования азота в процессах фотосинтетической ассимиляции СО2 в листьях пшеницы современных высокоинтенсивных сортов и показатели реутилизации азота в период налива зерна выше, чем у менее продуктивного сорта более ранней селекции. Выявлена тесная корреляционная связь между валовым количеством в листьях азота в период цветения и белковостью зерна при полной спелости. Анализ представленных результатов подтвердил предположение о том, что процессы использования азота при фотосинтезе и его последующей реутилизации в семена не полностью оптимизированы, поэтому существует возможность повышения урожайности сельскохозяйственных культур без снижения качества продукции путем улучшения этих физиологических параметров с привлечением современных генно-инженерных, биотехнологических и селекционных методов.
Ключевые слова: фотосинтез, азот, эффективность использования, реутилизация
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